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Who is Italian?
8 June 2025
Italians go to vote on 8 and 9 June in a referendum that is dividing the nation and will help define "Who is Italian".
Until the mid-19th century Italy was "a mere geographical expression", divided in small states and parts of it occupied by foreign powers. Eventually, the Italian language brought people together, and the Italian state as we know it emerged by 1871.
In todays Italy, the question of who gets to be Italian is a sensitive one.
Large numbers of migrants and refugees arrive in the country each year helped across the Mediterranean from North Africa by smuggling gangs.
The national referendum on Sunday and Monday proposes halving the time required to apply for Italian citizenship.
Cutting the wait from 10 years to five would bring this country in line with most others in Europe.
The referendum was initiated by a citizens' inituative and is supported by civil society groups. But for such a referendum to be valid, 50% of all voters in Italy have to turn up.
Giorgia Meloni, the country's hard-right prime minister, has announced she will boycott the vote, declaring the citizenship law already "excellent" and "very open".
Other parties allied to her are calling on Italians to go to the beach instead of the polling station.